Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Internship Report - Essay Example The coffee factory is an old design factory located on the same piece of land where coffee is grown. It is a family owned factory run by the family. A part from the production of coffee, the family also engages in the production of sugarcane and feedlot beef. Internship activities 1) Understanding and evaluating the operations and activities within the factory- the nature and location of machines, lighting etc 2) Identifying the risks and hazards in the factory. This involves evaluating all possible causes of risks and hazards that may endanger the lives of workers and visitors at the factory 3) Examine the mechanisms put in place to control hazards and risks at the workplace. Specifically, identify the strategies put in place to prevent or minimize harm from hazards in the workplace 4) Evaluate the reporting mechanisms used within the factory to report hazards. 5) Examine how the factory management communicates hazards and risks to its employees. This will involve focusing on the mechanisms used to provide employees with up to date and timely information on hazards and risks 6) Propose and implement mechanisms that can be used to enhance the safety of the factory Completed activities so far 1. Understanding and evaluating the operations and activities within the factory. 1. Identifying sources of risks and hazards within the factory. 2. Examining mechanisms used to control hazards. Based on the completed activities so far, I have been able to learn a few things relating to safety management at the workplace.
Monday, October 28, 2019
European History Essay Example for Free
European History Essay The way the eastern civilization would live is how people dream of living today. The eastern peoples put others above themselves. The way the western civilization used to live is how we live today: caring about ourselves for the most part. Even though the eastern side of living is how most people wanted to live, there are some positive characteristics of the western side that are worth incorporating. A common problem today is that we don’t think. A trait of eastern culture is the being contemplative. There are countless problems that could be avoided if thought would have gone into the situation. Life is a strategy that is filled with decisions. It is inevitable that mistakes will be made, but there will be less if you think before you act. In life there are always consequences for your actions. What most people don’t realize is that there can be positive consequences. This is something that the western civilization honored; the rewards or the positive consequences of the life they lived. Having the good things in your life isn’t as rewarding as working for the grand prize. Towards the end of your life, what will you have that reflects what you work for? In the eastern civilization, working with less is held high in standards. As the years go by, people always want more and more but is it really necessary? For example, heated seats and electronic windows are nice in our vehicles but we don’t actually need them. The eastern peoples learned to work with what they were given, even if it was less than what they wanted. Technology is taking over the world. With this new interference with human life, the beautiful art of work will soon be forgotten. There are amazing things that humans can do as long as they work for it. The western civilization figured this out and put activity high on the list of standards. Life is short and there may be things that we miss if we don’t work to see what it has in store for us. Both the eastern and western civilization contain characteristics that would benefit the human race. A mixture of the two would be a perfect way to live. Placing others higher in value than yourself is a trait that isn’t common in the world today. Even though, putting others first is something great, you need to think about yourself too. You only have one life and one chance to make it the best. Do what makes you happy and you will see that others will come with you.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Transformation of Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale in Hawthornes The Scarlet Let
The Scarlet Letter: The Transformation of Rev. Dimmesdale "Life is hard, but accepting that fact makes it easier." This common phrase clearly states a harsh fact that Rev. Dimmesdale, a character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, had to face. In this story of deception and adultery set in the Puritan era, Hawthorne introduces Dimmesdale as a weak and cowardly man who refuses to take responsibility for his actions. The Rev. Dimmesdale is a transitional character in that he is, at the beginning of the novel, outwardly good but inwardly deceitful and by the end of the novel he becomes both outwardly and inwardly truthful.               At the beginning of the novel, Dimmesdale has established quite a reputation for himself. In discussing individual members of the magistrate, the towns people describe Dimmesdale as a "God fearing" gentleman, "but merciful overmuch (49)". Due to his actions all of the people respect and look up to the Reverend. Throughout the story, Dimmesdale desperately tries to confess, envying Hester, for her courage, he says, "Happy are you Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom†(188)! Even at the end of the novel, when finally attempting to confess, people are compelled by his final sermon, raving that "never had a man spoken in so wise, so high, and so holy a spirit, as he that spake this day†(243).  Proving that he was a very loved and influential man in the small town.               In further developing Dimmesdale's character, Hawthorne portrays him as a hypocrite. His outward demeanor deceives the villagers, appearing as a completely holy man. However, before the action of the novel begins, he stumbles into sin, by committing adultery with Hester Pryn... ...and a character other than Dimmesdale could not have painted such a vivid, and memorable picture in one's mind.  1.                        Great thesis statement !!! 2.                        Your conclusion paragraph should be more detailed. Restate in just a few sentences the points that you made in your paper and what conclusions you have drawn from those points. 3.                        When quoting, the parentheses, which hold the page number, should come after the quotation marks and the punctuation should come after the parentheses. An example of a correctly cited quote would be â€Å"A spell was broken†(251). Instead of â€Å"a spell was broken (251)†. 4.                        Also be careful of run-on sentences. Let your sentences contain only one or two ideas, not three or four. Do not over-use semicolons or colons, use a period instead. Transformation of Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Let The Scarlet Letter: The Transformation of Rev. Dimmesdale "Life is hard, but accepting that fact makes it easier." This common phrase clearly states a harsh fact that Rev. Dimmesdale, a character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, had to face. In this story of deception and adultery set in the Puritan era, Hawthorne introduces Dimmesdale as a weak and cowardly man who refuses to take responsibility for his actions. The Rev. Dimmesdale is a transitional character in that he is, at the beginning of the novel, outwardly good but inwardly deceitful and by the end of the novel he becomes both outwardly and inwardly truthful.               At the beginning of the novel, Dimmesdale has established quite a reputation for himself. In discussing individual members of the magistrate, the towns people describe Dimmesdale as a "God fearing" gentleman, "but merciful overmuch (49)". Due to his actions all of the people respect and look up to the Reverend. Throughout the story, Dimmesdale desperately tries to confess, envying Hester, for her courage, he says, "Happy are you Hester, that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom†(188)! Even at the end of the novel, when finally attempting to confess, people are compelled by his final sermon, raving that "never had a man spoken in so wise, so high, and so holy a spirit, as he that spake this day†(243).  Proving that he was a very loved and influential man in the small town.               In further developing Dimmesdale's character, Hawthorne portrays him as a hypocrite. His outward demeanor deceives the villagers, appearing as a completely holy man. However, before the action of the novel begins, he stumbles into sin, by committing adultery with Hester Pryn... ...and a character other than Dimmesdale could not have painted such a vivid, and memorable picture in one's mind.  1.                        Great thesis statement !!! 2.                        Your conclusion paragraph should be more detailed. Restate in just a few sentences the points that you made in your paper and what conclusions you have drawn from those points. 3.                        When quoting, the parentheses, which hold the page number, should come after the quotation marks and the punctuation should come after the parentheses. An example of a correctly cited quote would be â€Å"A spell was broken†(251). Instead of â€Å"a spell was broken (251)†. 4.                        Also be careful of run-on sentences. Let your sentences contain only one or two ideas, not three or four. Do not over-use semicolons or colons, use a period instead.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Suicide In Jails :: essays research papers
Suicide In Jails The United States is plagued by a countless number of social dilemmas. Although not in constant public scrutiny, suicide is a serious problem which has seemed to have lost importance. When suicide is coupled with arrest and incarceration it becomes an increasingly complex situation. In fact, research indicates that the jail suicide rate ranges from 2.5 to 13 times greater than the rate of the general population (Winkler 1992). Motivation, prediction, and prevention of suicidal behavior are grossly unclear, which only adds to the already existing complexity. Many factors involved with arrest and incarceration only serve as a catalyst of suicidal tendencies. Suicide is the primary cause of death in this country's jails. In 1986 there were 401 successful [jail] suicides (Winkler 19992). There are many general assumptions made in regard to suicide. Most believe suicide to be caused by mental illness such as major depression or bipolar disorder. Another belief is that the emotional escalation leading to action takes place over a long period of time. Such is not the case in jail suicides. Much of the research shows that "of all [jail] suicides occur within the first twenty four hours of incarceration, and an overwhelming number of these take place in the first three hours of isolation which is referred to as the â€Å"crisis period" (Hess 1987). The crisis period is reflective of arrest and incarceration as producing extreme confusion, fear, and anxiety. The crisis period is also the result of isolation. Isolation causes an individual to lose all social support systems. Placing an individual in isolation may be a form of protection, but this gives the individual an opportunity to concentrate on feelings of hopelessness (Winkler 1992). Hopelessness can be defined as the presence of despair and negative feelings about the future (Shneidman 1987).Isolation can also produce a severe threat to those inmates who have difficulty with coping abilities as this only encourages future deterioration. Undoubtedly, isolation is often necessary to contain a person, or to prevent injury to the individual and, or other inmates. Individuals who are experiencing obvious mental stress should certainly not be held in isolation for obvious reasons. According to Hess (1983),many facilities have regulations which state,â€Å"The action taken must be responsible under the circumstances and represent a good- faith judgment that the action was the least restrictive alternative available.†Regulations such as this not only serve as a guideline for officers, but as a preventive measure against legal action as a result of isolation. Aside from these emotional factors of the physical environment which are impetus of suicidal attempts. Isolation cells more often than not tend to have poor
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
CPT Essay
The stories both show a Chaw racket returning to a Emily but their purpose of returns and their personalities are distinct. The two stories are different but not completely; they have one similar way of showing the theme which is to return to a family. In the story , the main character is returning to his family for Christmas. The quote â€Å"Father stares at me for a MO meet, then I am in his 06)shows that family is important to the main character r because he is immediately hugging his father. The quote also shows that one of the main re sons why people go home is due to family.The main character would go through obstacles to r ACH his family which reveals that family can provide a sense of unity and security that nothing g else can replicate because the main character could have done something to feel the same sense action. The father also stares at the main character because he cannot believe that his son is baa KC home. This shows that family members are always loving and even though his son has left home for quite a while, Cue 2 his father's love has not perished. The author used the idea of family to show going home in this story because the main character's home is his family and his people.The the me has been shown by the idea of family through the story A Son's Return. The son ran away from home and has not come back for many years. When he finally goes back home his mother is file d with joy. She says â€Å"My boy has come,†(Suburban,03) which not only shows that her son has come home but also her feelings. She is not completely overjoyed because the way she says t he sentence does not leave a powerful impression. The mother is joyful but also proud of her so n of coming home. Those emotions are what people should feel when they go home.They feel joy full because after a days work, a home is should give a relaxing feel which leads to happiness. In addition family will give happiness most of the time because it gives people a sense of unity. G oing home also makes people proud because of family. Family reminds people about their CUL true which everyone should be proud of. One of the reasons why Arnold's went back ho me was because of his family. He claims that he had not visited because he did not know that his family was there. However, he still went back because he wanted to see his family again.No ma otter where one's Emily moves, home is always where the family is. The most important part of a home is the family. The main character in returned home to a family alike the Arnold's from . However, both characters also have their own personal reasons for their return. One of the major differences of how the stories show the theme â€Å"Going Homo e†are the character's purpose of return. In , one of the main character's reason's to return is to find his identity. After studying in Wisconsin for a period of time, h e realizes that he started to adapt to a Western lifestyle even though he is an Indian.The purport SE of his journey Cue 3 home is to see if he has turned into a white man or if he is still and Indian. Du ring the trip, the main character compares the environment of his two homes. Firstly, he says Here where fall hides in the valleys and winter never comes down from the mountains,†(Whit cloud,01) which is saying that Fall and Winter do not exist in state. He is currently living in. Next h e says â€Å"In my Wisconsin, the leaves change before the snows ) and HTH s quote shows that Fall and Winter exists in his other home.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Causes of Childhood Obesity essays
Causes of Childhood Obesity essays Childhood obesity is a huge concern among society. Not only does it affect a child physically, but it affects them mentally and emotionally as well. Healthy eating habits must be enforced by parents to prevent adulthood obesity that originally stemmed from childhood obesity. The diet of the child begins at home, and the parents should be held responsible for any declining health issues resulting from a poor diet. Who would have ever thought something as simple as a McDonalds dinner treat on a Friday night would progress to the point of McDonalds being a part of a childs diet? What ever happened to home cooked meals that included the major food groups to keep a childs diet intact with the daily living requirements? Or better yet, a parents grocery cart is filled with more junk food and microwavable items high in sugars, carbohydrates, and fats instead of fruits and vegetables. "Good dietary habits start at home. If parents are eating poorly, chances are their kids are too." said resea rch scientist Susan H. Babey, a co-author of the policy brief (LiveScience). With that being said, the diet of the child begins at home and any declining health issues from a poor diet, the parent should be held responsible. Many people get being overweight and being obese confused. Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a combination of these factors. Obesity is defined as having excess body fat. Body mass index (BMI) is the measurement in which is used to determine if a child is obese. There are two systems in determining obesity. This BMI differs from an adult because instead of actual numbers, child BMI uses percentiles and is age- and sex- specific. Children BMI percentile charts are used from 2- 19 years of age and it correlates the amount of body fat change with age and how it differs between boys and girls (CDC). If a child falls into the 85th to ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
buy custom Bullying essay
buy custom Bullying essay This an essay which examines the factors that lead to bullying among the school aged going students. There are many opinions on the issue of bullying among school aged children. In general the causes can be classified into three factors which are family factors, individual factors and school factors. All these factors make a contribution towards enhancing bullying to take place. This essay examines all these factors in details and tries to show how they contribute towards bringing about bullying among school aged children. This essay makes use of relevant and up to date resources in collecting information about the causes of bullying among the school aged children. The essay starts by defining what bullying is and goes to cover the three causes of bullying highlighted above. Recommendations are drawn with the conclusion finishing the essay. What is bullying. Bullying ha been given the definition: repeated and systematic harassment and attacks on others. According to Olweus (1993), A student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other students (Olweus, 1993, p. 9). The process of bullying can be undertaken by a group or an individual. The forms of bullying have been identified to be quite many with the following being just a sample: physical violence and attacks verbal taunts, name-calling and put-downs threats and intimidation extortion or stealing of money and possessions exclusion from the peer group It has been that bullying can be based around ethnicity. From research statistics, it has been shown that bullying is quite prevalent in schools with the boys being, in most cases, the bullies aand the lower grade students and girls being the victims (ASAP, 1996). How Bullying takes place. It has been shown that a given state of dynamics must exist for the process of bullying to take place. This is outlined in the order that follows: A power differential exists between the bully and the victim; Bullies tend to confident, aggressive, and lack empathy for the victim; Bullies come from homes where there is poor supervision, and modeling of and tolerance for aggressive behavior; Victims tend to be quiet, passive children with few friends; Victims do not respond effectively to aggressive actions; Bullying is often done so that adults are not aware of it; Victims are ashamed, and often don't tell an adult (ASAP, par. 4). From the above it is shown that bullying to take place there has to be a power imbalance to make it possible for the process to take place Buy custom Bullying essay
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Multithreaded Delphi Database Queries With dbGo (ADO)
Multithreaded Delphi Database Queries With dbGo (ADO) By design, a Delphi application runs in one thread. To speed up some parts of the application you might want to decide to add several simultaneous paths of execution in your Delphi application. Multithreading in Database Applications In most scenarios, database applications you create with Delphi are single threaded- a query you run against the database needs to finish (processing of the query results) before you can fetch another set of data. To speed up data processing, for example, fetching data from the database to create reports, you can add an additional thread to fetch and operate on the result (recordset). Continue reading to learn about the 3 traps in multithreaded ADO database queries: Solve: CoInitialize was not called.Solve: Canvas does not allow drawing.Main TADoConnection cannot be used! Customer Order Scenario In the well-known scenario where a customer places orders containing items, you might need to display all the orders for a particular customer along the total number of items per each order. In a normal single threaded application you would need to run the query to fetch the data then iterate over the recordset to display the data. If you want to run this operation for more than one customer, you need to sequentially run the procedure for each of the selected customers. In a multithreaded scenario you can run the database query for every selected customer in a separate thread- and thus have the code execute several times faster. Multithreading in dbGO (ADO) Lets say you want to display orders for 3 selected customers in a Delphi list box control. type   TCalcThread class(TThread)  private     procedure RefreshCount;  protected     procedure Execute; override;  public     ConnStr : widestring;     SQLString : widestring;     ListBox : TListBox;     Priority: TThreadPriority;     TicksLabel : TLabel;     Ticks : Cardinal;   end; This is the interface part of a custom thread class we are going to use to fetch and operate on all the orders for a selected customer. Every order gets displayed as an item in a list box control (ListBox field). The ConnStr field holds the ADO connection string. The TicksLabel holds a reference to a TLabel control that will be used to display thread executing times in a synchronized procedure. The RunThread procedure creates and runs an instance of the TCalcThread thread class. function TADOThreadedForm.RunThread(SQLString: widestring; LB:TListBox; Priority: TThreadPriority; lbl : TLabel): TCalcThread;var   CalcThread : TCalcThread; begin   CalcThread : TCalcThread.Create(true) ;   CalcThread.FreeOnTerminate : true;   CalcThread.ConnStr : ADOConnection1.ConnectionString;   CalcThread.SQLString : SQLString;   CalcThread.ListBox : LB;   CalcThread.Priority : Priority;   CalcThread.TicksLabel : lbl;   CalcThread.OnTerminate : ThreadTerminated;   CalcThread.Resume;   Result : CalcThread; end; When the 3 customers are selected from the drop down box, we create 3 instances of the CalcThread: var   s, sg: widestring;   c1, c2, c3 : integer; begin   s : SELECT O.SaleDate, MAX(I.ItemNo) AS ItemCount        FROM Customer C, Orders O, Items I        WHERE C.CustNo O.CustNo AND I.OrderNo O.OrderNo ;   sg : GROUP BY O.SaleDate ;   c1 : Integer(ComboBox1.Items.Objects[ComboBox1.ItemIndex]) ;   c2 : Integer(ComboBox2.Items.Objects[ComboBox2.ItemIndex]) ;   c3 : Integer(ComboBox3.Items.Objects[ComboBox3.ItemIndex]) ;   Caption : ;   ct1 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c1, sg]), lbCustomer1, tpTimeCritical, lblCustomer1) ;   ct2 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c2, sg]), lbCustomer2, tpNormal,lblCustomer2) ;   ct3 : RunThread(Format(%s AND C.CustNo %d %s,[s, c3, sg]), lbCustomer3, tpLowest, lblCustomer3) ; end; Traps and Tricks With Multithreaded ADO Queries The main code goes in the threads Execute method: procedure TCalcThread.Execute;var   Qry : TADOQuery;   k : integer; begin  inherited;  CoInitialize(nil) ; //CoInitialize was not called   Qry : TADOQuery.Create(nil) ;  try// MUST USE OWN CONNECTION // Qry.Connection : Form1.ADOConnection1;     Qry.ConnectionString : ConnStr;     Qry.CursorLocation : clUseServer;     Qry.LockType : ltReadOnly;     Qry.CursorType : ctOpenForwardOnly;     Qry.SQL.Text : SQLString;     Qry.Open;     while NOT Qry.Eof and NOT Terminated do     begin       ListBox.Items.Insert(0, Format(%s - %d, [Qry.Fields[0].asString,Qry.Fields[1].AsInteger])) ;       //Canvas Does NOT Allow Drawing if not called through Synchronize       Synchronize(RefreshCount) ;       Qry.Next;     end;  finally     Qry.Free;   end;   CoUninitialize() ; end; There are 3 traps you need to know how to solve when creating multithreaded Delphi ADO database applications: CoInitialize and CoUninitialize must be called manually before using any of the dbGo objects. Failing to call CoInitialize will result in the CoInitialize was not called exception. The CoInitialize method initializes the COM library on the current thread. ADO is COM.You *cannot* use the TADOConnection object from the main thread (application). Every thread needs to create its own database connection.You must use the Synchronize procedure to talk to the main thread and access any controls on the main form.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Nutrition in the Early School System Research Paper
Nutrition in the Early School System - Research Paper Example An understanding of these food classes enables learners to determine the role of each category in the body, for example, carbohydrates provide energy while proteins build body muscles. Fruits, on the other hand, help the body to fight and prevent diseases (Prelip, Kinsler, Thai, Erausquin, & Slusser, 2012). Students will also have identified the effects of over or under consumption of each food to their bodies. The children will have determined the amount of food that they can consume from each class to avoid the undesired effects of unplanned consumption. Children will spread the awareness to their parents and friends from other schools after the lesson. This will create national awareness, which will improve health in the society. The outcome of the second objective is that children will identify the diseases that arise from poor nutrition, for example, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes among others. Children contract obesity more than the other diseases; therefore, the lesson will focus on this ailment. Students will understand the negative psychological and physical effects of having an overweight body, and the foods that lead to the ailment. Students will be able to determine the measures to undertake to avoid suffering from the diseases. The learners will also identify the actions to take in case they contact the disease. Students will identify various ways of exercising their bodies by the end of the lesson. The knowledge of the techniques will enable students to recognize the significance of exercise, for example, reducing weight, strengthening muscles, decreasing depression, and preventing diseases (Avery, Johnson, Cousins, & Hamilton, 2013). Teaching Plan Subject: Healthy nutrition... This report approves that students should understand and explain various food classes, which include fruits and vegetables, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. An understanding of these food classes enables learners to determine the role of each category in the body, for example, carbohydrates provide energy while proteins build body muscles. Fruits, on the other hand, help the body to fight and prevent diseases. Community resources are the materials that can help students to understand the health, and they are available in the society. The resources include journals and health magazines that are available in community libraries. Students can read these materials and learn new ways of living healthy lives. Students may also attend health conferences conducted by humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross Society. The conferences usually involve presentations of diseases and techniques of preventing the ailments. Learners practice what they learn from the projects to avoid the ai lments. This essay makes a conclusion that the increase in obesity and overweight among children has given rise to the need for nutrition awareness in the society. Teaching is the best technique to create awareness because it takes place in schools where the major stakeholders are parents, teachers, children, and the government. The objectives of teaching healthy nutrition in a class include teaching food categories, malnutrition diseases, and the need for exercise. An instructor may use books, presentations, and games as techniques to help students understand the topic. Community resources such as health magazines and nutrition conferences, which are conducted by various institutions, also help in achieving the objectives.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Success - Essay Example Success can either be a process or spontaneous although in most cases, success is considered as a process. Someone would be considered successful if they feel satisfied with the results of their work. Success may be prompted by hard work or smart work. In most cases, success is regarded as riches and accusation of vast wealth in the society. Anyone who possesses a lot of money and can command most of the things such as a country’s economy is considered to be a successful person regardless of other failures in life. There is however other forms of success which are not largely regarded in the society provided the man deemed successful is not rich. Success requires a lifelong journey of endurance and determination for it to become real and it is worth noting that it is not an easy journey. Unless one puts extraordinary pressure and decides to do above average activities without giving up, success cannot be inevitable. Passionate life may result into high level of success and the refore an individual should invest in passion as a way of spearheading success. Success requires a lot of strength and change of behavior into a positive way towards achieving greater heights. It is believed that success requires that an individual associates only with people and resources that can catapult them to the higher level.
The Economy of Bermuda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1
The Economy of Bermuda - Research Paper Example The country has enjoyed steady economic superiority since the end of the Second World War, although it has been affected by recession since 2007 following the global recession. The country enjoys the fourth highest per capita income, which is 50 percent higher than that of the US. The industrial sector mainly focuses on construction, and there is little agriculture since only 20 percent of the island is arable. Bermuda has a robust financial regulatory system making it an important regional and global offshore financial center. International business is the major foreign exchange generating industry in the country (Anderson, 2011). Bermuda is a reinsurance center and an insurance region with firms writing significant business from USA and U.K. In 2010, 15,078 international companies were registered in the island, many of which are U.S owned (Reinsurance Association of America, 2011). These companies spent approximately $2 billion in the country in 2009, making them an important source of foreign exchange. This sector provided $1.5 billion in its total output corresponding to 26.1 percent of the total GDP. International business is also the third largest employer in the country. The sector had 4,287 jobs in 2010, a reduction from 4,431 in 2009. This reduction has made tourism the largest employer in Bermuda. Bermuda has little exports and manufacturing since most manufactured goods and foodstuffs are imported. The value of imports rose from $551 million in 1994 to 1.051 billion on 2009. USA is the primary trading partner for Bermuda, with $663 million coming from U.S imports (U.S. Bureau of Census, 2011). Other countries involved in the import chain are the UK, Canada, and Caribbean countries. Bermuda’s exports are mainly re-exports of pharmaceuticals. These exports are valued at $783 million and export partners include Spain, Germany, Denmark, and the UK.
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Consumer and Market Analysis for Kick Covers Essay
Consumer and Market Analysis for Kick Covers - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that for a product to be successful, the creators should understand the market in depth. Research should be carried out to find: out how much need is there for the product, and the ability of the consumers to purchase it. The creators of a product also have to ensure they communicate, in its entirety, the value of the product to the target consumer to boost sales. Maslow, a psychologist, studied human behavior and the various factors that motivated them. He proposed a model that classified the needs into five different groups. These groups were classified in order of which ones were most likely to be considered first. The hierarchy was such that an individual could not move to another level of need without satisfying the lower level ones. He grouped the needs as physiological needs, security and safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem and self-respect and self-actualization. The first four levels of needs are the most fundamental and a re referred to as ‘deficiency needs’. One cannot move to the level of self-actualization without having satisfied the ‘deficiency needs’. Maslow came up with the term ‘metamotivation’ for those people who went past the level of basic needs. These needs could occur at any point in an individual’s life. Maslow recognized this and proposed the model as a general order. The lack satisfaction of these needs could lead to a person being anxious or tense depending on their urgency
Therapeutic induce hypothermia Annotated Bibliography
Therapeutic induce hypothermia - Annotated Bibliography Example However, application of therapeutic hypothermia has been credited to the great enhancement of survival rates from such sudden cardiac arrests with a huge influence on the long-term neurologically intact survival too. Further research and animal tests also point, importantly, that the earlier the hypothermia is induced, the better and higher the patient’s outcome and survival rates (Bader, 2011). Therapeutic hypothermia, also termed protective hypothermia, is a medical procedure involving reduction of a patient’s body temperature so as to help lower the chances of ischemic injury to tissues after a term of insufficient blood flow and can significantly improve the rates of long-term neurologically intact survival. This insufficient blood flow can be a result of several factors such as in the circumstance of a stroke, occlusion of an artery by an embolism, or cardiac arrest. However, in the case of cardiac arrests, the essence of use maybe debated since temperatures of 36˚C (97˚F) basically have similar effects as at the hypothermal 33˚C (91˚F) (Alzaga, Cerdan & Varon, 2006). Therapeutic hypothermia can be incited either through invasive methods or non-invasive methods. Induction by the non-invasive methods involve surface cooling with ice packs, surface cooling helmets, cool caps, application of a cold water blanket or/ and clothing directly to the patient’s skin surface. Invasive means on the other hand employ the use of a catheter placed in the inferior vena cava through the femoral vein, internal cooling methods through the infusion of cold fluids or trans-nasal evaporative cooling (Brooks, 2010). There exist five major medical conditions that therapeutic hypothermia treats effectively. These include cardiac arrest, neonatal encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, neurogenic fever (after brain trauma) and a spinal cord injury without damage. Patients who benefit more from therapeutic
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Consumer and Market Analysis for Kick Covers Essay
Consumer and Market Analysis for Kick Covers - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that for a product to be successful, the creators should understand the market in depth. Research should be carried out to find: out how much need is there for the product, and the ability of the consumers to purchase it. The creators of a product also have to ensure they communicate, in its entirety, the value of the product to the target consumer to boost sales. Maslow, a psychologist, studied human behavior and the various factors that motivated them. He proposed a model that classified the needs into five different groups. These groups were classified in order of which ones were most likely to be considered first. The hierarchy was such that an individual could not move to another level of need without satisfying the lower level ones. He grouped the needs as physiological needs, security and safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem and self-respect and self-actualization. The first four levels of needs are the most fundamental and a re referred to as ‘deficiency needs’. One cannot move to the level of self-actualization without having satisfied the ‘deficiency needs’. Maslow came up with the term ‘metamotivation’ for those people who went past the level of basic needs. These needs could occur at any point in an individual’s life. Maslow recognized this and proposed the model as a general order. The lack satisfaction of these needs could lead to a person being anxious or tense depending on their urgency
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
International Finance - Essay Example Also, Germany doesn’t want Europe to unite for a Fiscal Union as it will mean more inflation for the country. These are just some of the factors that are predicting a collapsed European financial system. And then there is Greece. There is an internal war of sorts going on within the country; many want Greece to leave eurozone for good which will be disastrous for the rest of Europe as many other countries will be forced to leave the eurozone as well. (Bremner, 2012) Citigroup, an American banking conglomerate predicts that is a 75% chance that Greece will pull out of Euro within the next year and a half. This will set the standard for other financially despondent eurozone members, like Italy and Spain as they too will have to leave. (Kollewe, 2012) Its exit from eurozone will unravel Greece as well, as the 20% of its GDP will be wiped out, increasing its inflation rates by 40% to 50%. Not to mention. The Greek debt to GDP ratio will swell by 200% as predicted by the analysts at BNP Paribas. (Kollewe, 2012) It seems that only the ECB can decide the fate of this currency. During the end of last year, the European Central Bank loosened some of its bank funds. Right before Christmas, European banks received â‚ ¬489 billion or $620.3 billion. This led to a reduction in Italy’s short term funding. If ECB and Germany can find it in their hearts to work towards more reflationary policies then perhaps the Euro could survive (Bremner 2012). But Euro still has some hope left. Greeks do not like the idea of their desolate future without Euro. Despite all the anticipation, there are few Greeks who want to go back to the Drachma. Indeed, the notion of mass bankruptcies and visions of 50% inflation have won nearly 80% Greeks over. This huge number of people now wants to stay with the currency, says a recent survey. (Bremner, 2012) So it seems that more than the European
Eating and Basic Training Essay Example for Free
Eating and Basic Training Essay Sweet Tooth Last year in basic training my battle buddy Brown and I always stole nutri-grain bars and oreos from chow (is what army defines as a time to eat) for uses of eating them and selling them to others. It all started when I was at a breaking point and I felt like needed something sweet in order to live or I wouldn’t make it to see the next day. So I decided to slide a few packs of oreos and nutri-grain bars in my pocket to save for later cravings Basic training was a very good learning experience and I’m glad I decided to put my life on the line and serve this beautiful country. In Basic training sweets was off limits. My training period lasted almost eight months. Can you imagine not eating anything sweet for eight months? I know I couldn’t have. Eating chow, whether it was in the dfac or field chow sweets were always in the mist somewhere. The chow hall served great food and I loved eating there because the food was always hot and it made my stomach feel like it was in heaven. In reality I really didn’t have a choice but to like chow hall food, because of course, I was in basic training. I was forced to like the food. In the chow hall (dfac) nutri-grain bars was served every single day unless they ran out and were forced to serve fig newtons. Field chow was another technique on how food was distributed to us in basic training. Eating field chow was my least favorite. I hated it. The food served is cold and just plain out disgusting. The best aspect of field chow was receiving oreos. On some days I would trade my whole meal just for a pack of four pack oreos. My battle buddy Brown and I wasn’t even friends until we both discovered we were both stealing the sweets from the dfac and field chow. Eventually we decided to work together as a team in order to get the sweets we wanted. We became do good at obtaining the sweets; we chose to keep stealing them. Later on, others started to see my battle and I activity and in order not to get caught we had to find a way to satisfy the needs of others so if we didn’t eat some of oreos and nutri-grain bars we decided to sell them. You can never go wrong by trying to make money. Have you heard of the saying â€Å"more money more problems? †In my situation dealing with the sweets, that is a very true statement. Once my battle Brown and I got to use to taking what we want and making a profit that’s when the problems started to arise. We felt the means of as we were getting watched. My battle and I decided to lay low. Just an average day at the gun range it was getting close to winding down time. Field chow was already served and after we leave the range, it was back to the barracks. Always at the end of the day at a gun range we all go through a process called shake down (which a drill sergeants pants you down and make sure no ammunition is in our pockets or on us). Let’s not forget I had nutri-grain bars and oreos in my pockets from previous chows. Drill Sergeant slowly approaches me. â€Å"Private ima need for you to empty out all your pockets. †Nervously standing there almost about to pee in my pants I didn’t know what to do. I quickly replied in a trembling voice, â€Å"Yes Drill Sergeant. †As I went about emptying my pockets all you see are oreos and nutri-grain bars flowing from my pocket onto the ground. I was so embarrassed. I knew I was in big trouble. Having those items on me was considered contraband. Having contraband in basic training is a serious offence and could cause you to get kicked out basic training. I told the drill sergeants everything and the reason why I had the contraband on me. It was my problem and whatever the consequences were I was ready to take forth the responsibility for my actions. â€Å"Private you already know what to do, FRONT LEANING REST POSITION MOVE! †the drill sergeant yelled with no hesitation. Being in the front leaning rest position is the worst possible position to be in. It is a position where you are in the process of about to begin pushups. In that same positions for long periods of time suck. And I had to embrace the suck because I chose to have contraband. Honestly sure does get you a long way. In my situation it got me very far. If I would have lied to my drill sergeants by saying I didn’t know where the contraband came from or didn’t have anything to do with it, I wouldn’t even be in the military today. While I was in basic I really didn’t care about anything and stretching the truth was my specialty. Once I got transformed from a citizen to a solider I looked at life more differently. I left the past in the past and focused on my future and living by the army values. Integrity is one of the military values and I live up to it every day of my life. In Basic training I learned how to improve myself not only physically but mentally also. I practice honestly every day. That stealing incident at basic training made me make changes in my life especially when it comes to being honest. I made a vow to myself that I will never lie nor steal what does not belong to me again. Until this day I am a changed person and I’m proud to say basic training helped me and if I had to do it all over again, I will. I love my country and I will continue to serve it and live up to my army values.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Causes of Diversity in Organisms
Causes of Diversity in Organisms In order to discuss why living organisms are so diverse it is firstly important to discuss what diversity actually is. By dictionary definition biodiversity, the diversity of living organisms, is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or a particular habitat.(Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003 revised edition). However in 1992 the definition was clarified for scientific purposes by the United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. It defined biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part: this includes diversity within species, diversity between species and of ecosystems.(www.urbanecology.org.au/wikipedia) From this definition we can split biodiversity into three separate groups; intra-species and inter-species diversity as well as diversity between ecosystems. Intra-species diversity can be due to two things; an acquired adaptation or a genetic adaptation. Organisms that have adapted to their environment are efficient in maintaining the fundamentals in the continuation of the species e.g. the ability to obtain water, food and nutrients. Other examples are the ability of the organism to reproduce, or cope with varying physical conditions such as heat and light intensity and respond to any of these changes in their environments. Acquired adaptations are those in which the species changes in order to adapt to a change in the environment without any change in genetics e.g. a mutation. An example is the long neck in a giraffe. It is agreed that giraffes have a long neck because long necked giraffes have coped with their environment better then short necked giraffes. They have mated more successfully and now all giraffes have long necks due to the continual mating of long necks and without a mutation occurring. Genetic adaptations are much more complex. They occur from a mutation in the DNA which has allowed one member of the species to be more successful than the rest. This advantage has allowed them to survive and mate, passing on the trait to the next generation, which will also survive while the others die out. Since one in every ten million genes mutate there are many different types of mutations that can occur. A substitution is where a single base changes from one form to another e.g. from AGG to AGC. An insertion is when an extra base is added into the sequence meaning a change in the codon triplets for the rest of the chain. A deletion is when a section of DNA is lost completely again changing the codon triplets. The change in the codon triplets which results in a complete change in the proteins produced is termed a Frameshift. Most mutations would lead to the death any offspring the organism may produce, as the mutation will inhibit the production of vital proteins. Some mutations however are beneficial to the organism, allowing it to gain an advantage over others and survive while the others die out. An example of this would be E. Coli. adaptation to high and low temperatures. E. Coli. was cultured for 2000 generations at 37C, the internal body temperature of Humans, where E. Coli. is most active. Three E. Coli. were then taken from this sample and one cultured at 32C, the second at 37C and the third at 42C. The new cultures where then compared to the older one by forcing them to compete with one another. It was found that the sample cultured at 32C was 10% fitter than the original(it out competed it by 10%) and that the culture grown at 42C was 20 % fitter then the original. This experiment showed that new, beneficial mutations are capable of adapting to new environments in as little as 2000 generations. (Bennet, A.F., Lenski, R.E., Mittler, J.E.(1992). Evolutionary adaptation to temperature I. Fitness responses of Escherichia coli to changes in its thermal environment. Evolution, 46:16-30.) These mutations can occur in many ways. Recombination is the formation of a new allele combination in a gamete, and new allele combinations lead to a mutation. It results from the swapping of genes at the chiasmata. This is where the chromatids are able to swap over, however it is a very delicate procedure as not a single difference in nucleotides can occur or frameshifting would occur. Independent assortment is the process of randomly pairing chromosomes to produce the widest variety of gametes possible during fertilisation. This increases the likelihood of an unusual pairing occurring which may turn out to be beneficial to the species. This may combine with chromosomal swaps to massively increase variation in species. Outbreeding is when the species breeds with similar species from a different habit, to produce an offspring with the characteristics of both parents. The species from the new habitat may be resistant to diseases the original can not fight, or the old species may be able to survive conditions the new can not. When these mate, both of the new positive traits can be passed on, creating a stronger species than before, that can inhabit new environments. Gene flow is the term for the transfer of genes from one population to another. Once all these mutations have occurred it becomes a case of survival of the fittest. If a disease comes along that kills most of the population, but not those that have mutated, then the mutated individuals will breed, creating a stronger version of the species than before. The weakest die and the strongest survive, even if this means 99% of the population dies to leave the few that have mutated. Over time the population will reach its former size, with every individual resistant to the disease. This decreases the gene pool but allows the species to survive and create a new gene pool which will grow. From this example it is clear that the environment in which the organisms live controls the diversity. For example, if land forms and splits up a species into two different locations, then the two will evolve separately and form different characteristics. An example of this is Darwins Finches. These are 14 different, but closely related, species of finches. They are located on the Galapagos Islands and were discovered by Charles Darwin on his voyages. The Galapagos islands are very new islands, formed only 5 million years ago by volcanic action. A species of finch has inhabited each island, evolving from a single ancestor which would have landed on the original volcanic protrusion from the sea. Darwin noticed that each species of finch had evolved separately from the others, developing distinct features to cope with the different environments e.g. beak shape or length, depending on food available on the island.(Galapagosonline.com)
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Free Essays - Alienation in Landscape for a Good Woman :: Landscape for a Good Woman Essays
Alienation in Landscape for a Good Woman In her introduction to Landscape for a Good Woman, Carolyn Steedman claims that "this is a drama of class" (22); she blames her mother's working-class background -- where "fierce resentment against the unfairness of things, was carried through seventy years and three generations ... [and] dissolved into the figure of [her] mother" (30) -- for her own joyless childhood. The shocking portrait of Steedman's mother, who tells her children repeatedly both in her actions and words how unwanted they are, redefines the culturally normative nurturing role of motherhood. While Steedman's passionate argument -- that her mother's history of material inequality was responsible for the creation of this monster-martyr-mother -- must not be discounted, it is incomplete. Her claim is convincing; however, her mother's poor decisions were also contributory causes. For example, Edna selected a married man who already had a daughter as the prince who would fulfill her desires for property, material goods and status which seems risky at best. However, her desperate, failed attempt to become his wife through motherhood after ten years of cohabitation is striking for both its evident lack of foresight and blindness to reality. It is difficult to imagine that her fantasy whereby life would somehow improve from this decision ever had the chance to be anything but a recipe for failure, especially since she pinned her hopes on this ploy not once,but twice. Perhaps Steedman wishes to imply that her mother's working-class status is responsible for her poor decision making skills. She certainly wants to convince us that her mother's desire for things is not trivial; and she blames her "mother's sense of unfairness, her belief that she had been refused entry to her rightful place in the world" (112), on her working-class status. While this is certainly a key factor in the disturbing tale, it is not the only factor; therefore, the story is more than a drama of class, for this complex portrait of Steedman's mother is that of a vain, mean-spirited, bitter woman whose priorities were in disorder. The fact that Steedman's mother's working-class relatives did not visit this "illegitimate" family indicates that her lack of a marriage certificate was unacceptable within her own class as well.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Essay on The Picture of Dorian Gray as a Moral Book -- Picture Dorian
The Picture of Dorian Gray as a Moral Book The Picture of Dorian Gray was a remarkably well-written book due to the reaction of its themes by society. In the preface of the novel, Wilde introduces the opinion that "...there is no moral or immoral book. Books are well written or badly written. That is all." Numerous views can be taken upon this fastidious comment. Many would agree that Wilde is justifiably correct because the preface was written with the intention that his readers understand the deeper meaning of the themes than worrying about whether it is considered morally acceptable; or perhaps, the view that it could be considered moral or immoral by the impact it has on the readers' lives. Even though there are several positions held on what The Picture of Dorian Gray's most important meaning is about, the most prominent is the novel as a moral book. Lord Henry Wotton immediately begins to corrupt Dorian's mind after they first meet by forcing his immoral thoughts of "yielding to temptation" which allows Lord Henr y to hold his attention. After listening for quite a while to Lord Henry's views, Dorian begins to change his own to match them, and therefore begins to live a life of immorality. The yellow book is a device that Lord Henry uses to further corrupt and drive Dorian deeper into the pits of sin. Through Lord Henry's influence, the changes in Dorian Gray, and the impact of the yellow book, Oscar Wilde efficiently reveals The Picture of Dorian Gray as a moral book. Lord Wotton sees Dorian as "wonderfully handsome...all of youth's passionate purity," and cannot resist the t... ...self from the influence of this book. Or perhaps...that he never sought to free himself from it." Dorian procures nine copies from Paris to have them bound in different colors to fit his mood, which implies that he was in all probability never without it. From the yellow book the moral learned is "all access as well as all renunciation" leads to punishment. In conclusion, it has been reiterated that Lord Henry's influence, the changes in Dorian, and the immorality of the yellow book further enforced The Picture of Dorian Gray as a moral book. Oscar Wilde allows for those who could understand the real meaning of the novel by comprehending the importance of these three things to discern that he fully intended on writing this novel as a moral book.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Review of “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: A Review Harriet Jacobs wrote Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl to show Northern free people what was actually happening to slaves. She hoped her eyewitness stories would convince them that they should speak up against slavery and unite in the effort to end it. She was especially interested in showing free white women the difference between her life and theirs. She wanted them to see that many things they took for granted were denied slave girls and women.Jacobs was asking free people to look at slavery through her eyes and imagine the pain, both physical and emotional, that she and other slaves were forced to endure. Even though she was a slave, her first six years were happy ones. Her father had skills that made him valuable to the white people so he was allowed more freedom than the average slave. Her grandmother was the daughter of a slave holder. She was granted freedom but then recaptured. She was allowed to make money by selling crack ers after her slave duties were done.An injustice Jacobs describes early in her book is the pain suffered by slave families who are separated when one member is auctioned off to the highest bidder. She tells about this happening to her grandmother who helplessly watched as her son was auctioned off at the age of ten for $720. Jacobs knew the pain of a family being torn apart would weaken a free woman’s stand on slavery. Males were auctioned off more than females because owners were more likely to keep females as sex partners and to father children by them.Slave owners made promises to slaves but never felt obligated to keep those promises. Jacobs’ grandmother had been promised freedom when her mistress died. The executor of the 2 estate, Dr. Flint, instead sold her for $70. In spite of what the will said, he got away with selling her because she was property and no one held him responsible for this unlawful act. She also was never repaid when she lent her life savings to her mistress. Two of the most chilling events Jacobs reports witnessing are on pages 15 and 16.She tells of a male slave who was savagely beaten by Dr. Flint because the slave argued with his wife after finding out their child was really the son of Dr. Flint. She goes on to tell the story of a young slave girl in labor delivering her master’s child. The master’s wife stood by mocking the young girl as the newborn died. The slave girl’s mother watched as her only child also died during child birth. Jacobs wrote, â€Å"The poor black woman had but the one child, whose eyes she saw closing in death, while she thanked God for taking her away from the greater bitterness of life. Much of the book explains Harriet’s attempts to avoid Dr. Flint’s sexual advances. When she reached the age of 15 he began a relentless pursuit of her. She was disgusted by his attention. She did not want to lose her virginity to her master as she saw many other slave girls do. She prayed for a way to get away from him. She endured the jealousy of Dr. Flint’s wife who recognized what was going on. She was in love with a free black man but her master forbid her to have any contact with him. After she convinced her lover to go away, Harriet met Mr. Sands.She became intimate with him in another effort to escape the unwanted advances of Dr. Flint. She had children with Sands but still was not able to get free. Eventually she ran away. She hid for 7 years in a cramped crawl space at her grandmother’s house. Jacob’s goes into detail about her escape to the North and the people who were kind enough to help her in her efforts to stay in contact with her family and to stay hidden from Dr. Flint. He continued his search for her until he died. Jacobs then hid from his family who began a search for her. Harriet learned she couldn’t depend on Mr.Sands for help in getting their children 3 freed. She lived for a time with Isaac and Amy P ost who were activists working for the Underground Railroad. Eventually a woman named Mrs. Bruce bought Harriet Jacobs from Flint’s children for $300 and she gave her her freedom. Her grandmother got to see Harriet free but died shortly after that. Harriet found out that her children, Emily and William, already knew things like who their real father was and where she had been hiding for all those years.Jacobs is very graphic when she describes slavery and the terrible treatment of slaves. She is very good at detailing her thoughts and reactions to the horrible things she saw and experienced. She reminds free women that most women have the same dream of a loving husband, children and a happy home. She also makes it clear that only free women can live their dream. She often expresses the belief that slavery is worse than death. On page 47 she challenges doubtful readers to visit the South and witness the injustice of slavery for themselves.I’m sure that the book does not include all the events that made Harriet Jacobs who she was. There were probably some good memories she could have shared but that would not have supported her argument or fulfilled her purpose. It is not clear to me why Dr. Flint was constantly asking for Harriet’s affection and never forced her to have sex with him. He did with other slave girls. I wonder if he actually loved her and wanted her to submit to him willingly. He also searched for her for many years until his death. Why didn’t he just rape her as he believed he had a right to?This book is easy to read, interesting, and well written. I don’t really believe a slave could write that well though. I also doubt she could have lived in a crawl space for seven years without more serious physical and mental harm. Some things might have been exaggerated to accomplish the author’s goal. She succeeds in showing readers how unjust slavery was. It’s a good book because, even today, we need to be r eminded about how ignorant, cruel and evil people can be. Not all of America’s history is good. We should never forget how the slaves suffered.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Organizational Behavior-No Fair Pay In This Place Essay
The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivational effects of pay level on worker performance. It is discusses some of the elements that contributed to the employees in Western Satellite office to express feelings of inequality. Some of these elements include academic qualifications, educational background, just to mention but a few. The paper also tackles some of the reasons why the New York worker is considered a ‘comparison other’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle. Moreover, the paper explores how the issue of inequality in the case- no fair pay in this place was either resolved or not. For instance, we find in this case that this issue was not resolved. Last but not least, the paper also examines some of the other factors that may have contributed to the dissatisfaction that was experience by the two workers. Some of these factors include; lack of communication, culture, lack of adaptability, lack of empathy, just to mention but a few. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the case study that revolves around no fair pay in the workplace and the fact that employees working from different cities receive different numerations irrespective of how much responsibility one has within the organization, their academic qualifications and the years of experience within the industry in which they are operating. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 62) Question One What are some of the elements which contributed to the employees feelings of inequality? These include educational background, years of experience, responsibilities that one has and last but not least academic qualifications. The employees were stressed with the kind of work they had to perform such as having heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands, complaining customers, just to mention but a few. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Susan was hired based on her degree in Business Administration. She was responsible in planning, problem solving and supervising a number of employees and this included Dan Donaldson, a public relations spokesperson of the company. However, despite all these responsibilities, she received a remuneration of $30,000 per annum. This was very disappointing since she had 20 years of customer relations and supervisory know-how, not to mention the current degree that she had received in business. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) On the contrary, Helen who was based at the headquarters in New York received $40,000 in only ten months as opposed to 12. This made Susan furious since she had no customer contact, no university education, no one to supervise and no seniority. In a nutshell, Helen had an annual salary of $48,000. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Pay determination may possibly have one or more objectives, which may frequently be in conflict with each other. The primary is equity, and this may take numerous forms. They comprise income distribution through reduction of inequalities, defending real earnings (purchasing power), and the notion of equal pay for work of equivalent value. Moreover, pay differentials based on differences in skills are all associated to the idea of fairness. (Deckop, 2006, p. 65) Performance pay systems in organizations are based on assessment of the personality worker, often by their line administrator who may or may not be experienced in process. Performance pay is extensively renowned as contributing to pay inequalities, predominantly in this case (New York and Seattle). (Culbert, 1996, p. 68) Question Two Why the New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ but not the worker in Seattle? The New York worker was considered a ‘comparison other’ because the front lines of the job were in Seattle where the client based was centered and the services were rendered. Moreover, employees at Seattle received heavy load of unhappy clients and their urgent demands while she contentedly remained in her comfort zone that was stress free. Research has recommended that some individuals are more flourishing in their careers than others even when they have had equivalent learning and experimental opportunities. One clarification for these disparities may possibly relate to differences between intellectual intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EQ). IQ measures academic competencies or one’s aptitude to use acquaintance in making decisions and adapting to innovative situations. This can best be illustrated with Helen who works in at the headquarters in New York. However, as much as she is based in New York, all the tasks are carried out in Seattle, and this means that she is not using the little experience and experimental opportunities that she acquired to perform her duties. (Lamal, 1991, p. 72) On the other hand, EQ is a measure of expressive and societal competencies or one’s aptitude to recognize expressive expressions in someone and others. Even though both can be enhanced through training and altered over time, EQ is separate from IQ in that it is one’s aptitude to standardize emotions in reaction to ecological stimulus. EQ has been popularized as an educated skill that is a superior interpreter of life success than intellectual achievement or technological aptitude. This can best be illustrated with Susan and Dan Donaldson who had superior performance, academic achievements, work experience and interpersonal skills. They had to deal with resolving customers issues on a daily basis while Helen and her fellow workers who were based in New York sat and waited for the final produce that came from Seattle. (Harris, 2001, p. 78) The workplace surroundings idea also sees entity firm level performance such as efficiency, productivity, efficiency and competitiveness; as a result of not only the sufficiency supply of human resources with suitable skills, but also a workplace surroundings that incessantly optimizes the use of these skills throughout the way work is intended and prearranged, the suitability, access and association of supports and tools to do the work, the association of decision making, rewards and appreciation for performance. The New York worker is considered a ‘comparison worker’ as opposed to the worker in Seattle since she lacks interpersonal skills, academic achievements, superior performance, just to mention but a few. Despite all these, she is considered the best just because she is based at the head office located in New York. (Bate, 1994, p. 81) On the other hand, the Seattle worker who has all the necessary qualities such as work experience, interpersonal skills and academic qualifications; is looked down upon just because she is operating in Seattle. (Meredith, 2004, p. 2) Question Three How was the inequality resolved? The inequality was not resolved at all. As a matter of fact, once Mr. James commented that nobody said that it was fair and rather, that was how the staff in New York are remunerated, that was the end of the discussion. Mr. James did not validate his statement, neither did he explain why that was the case. Instead, he was interested in how Susan found out about Helen’s salary. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Participation in the labor force is usually regarded as an important measurement of equality. Having a job is significant to individuals. Jobs are a numerically important starting point for livelihoods. They are also significant proportions of social respect, acknowledgment, individuality and self esteem. Even though the sources and solutions for increasing inequality are multifaceted and open to dispute, the corporeal and psychosomatic penalties are real and straightforward. (Mathis, 2006, p. 99) It is understandable that we require more than legislation, bylaw and exacting programs to generate a diverse workforce usual in association. We also need customs of understanding the challenges. This mean examination of ‘what goes wrong’. Both the need for continuous coercive dealings and the phenomena of the turning door or equity tell us regarding the pervasive and systemic character of the status quo in workforce composition and in the organization and conduct of business and government. (Max, 204, p. 104) When individuals talk concerning inequality, they tend to center completely on the proceeds part of the equation. According to the case- no fair pay in this place, there is the gap between the employees in New York and Seattle and this is based on remuneration amongst the employees. (Armstrong, 2006, p. 8) The verification of increasing disparity in the United States and around the globe is both obvious and disturbing. As power, capital, and probability are increasingly concerted in the hands of the extremely few, this age of â€Å"haves†and â€Å"have not†is connected with a wide range of unenthusiastic outcomes for faraway too countless. A good illustration is seen in the case-no fair pay in this place, where Western Satellite Office workers are experiencing inequality problems based on remuneration since they are not based in New York where the head office is situated. They are the ones who experience customer service problems since each and every customer wants to be served and at the end of the day, they feel so stressed and worn out, yet when it comes to remuneration they receive less than what the worker in New York receive. This is not fair since the worker in New York doesn’t experience the pressure that the Seattle worker receives. (Lamal, 1991, p. 106 Question Four What are the other factors which may have contributed to the dissatisfaction experienced by these two workers? Culture A managerial culture affects how the company performs. Culture is the behavior of a group of individuals. This consists of; the beliefs, civilization, acquaintance and practices. Individuals depend on it for security, evenness and the ability to act in response in a given circumstance. (Harris, 2001, p. 92) According to this case, the reason why Helen and Susan received different remuneration was because Helen was situated at the head office in New York. This was the culture of that organization that was based on the location of the city. Therefore, Susan having been situated at Seattle was bound on her $30,000 per annum, and this was regardless of her qualifications. (Meredith, 2004, p. 3) Lack of Communication Generally, lack of communication on the part of the boss contributes to the displeasure among the workers in the association. Communication problems are a purpose of message and organizational procedure, and managerial factors. Effectual communication of performance requirements to all workers will reduce the number of complaints and grievances. Nonattendance of this communication domino effect in workers not performing. For instance in our case, when Susan was about to present her case, Mr. James had already predicted and he simply brushed the matter off by making a comment concerning the issue. He didn’t give room for discussion concerning that matter; neither did he give an explanation nor a satisfactory solution. This resulted to laxity among the workers in the western satellite office. (Bate, 1994, p. 98) By not communicating well enough, Mr. James avoided to get into dialogue concerning important issues such as, the reason why employees in New York receiving a higher pay as opposed to employees in Seattle. This made him appear unavailable and uncaring to Susan and the employees of Western Satellite Office; this resulted in hurting teamwork spirit and cooperation within the organization. (Deckop, 2006, p. 110) Lack of Self awareness and accurate self-assessment Without self awareness and self-assessment, Mr. James was too quick to brush off the matter that Susan had presented to him. He was unable to accept useful feedback, and he didn’t have a realistic awareness of his strengths or limitations. As a result, it created problems in their work relationships and in their personal relationships. (Culbert, 1996, p. 115) Lack of Empathy When leaders fail to demonstrate sufficient empathy in times of hesitation or crisis, they will probable be seen as unresponsive, hardhearted and in-authentic- all of which will make workers be less supportive and less communicative. The boss may be left feeling misunderstood, and will have complexity â€Å"reading†their workers. This is exactly what Mr. James did and as a result, Susan’s ability to work drastically diminished and she became less concerned with her duties and responsibilities in the workplace. (Mathis, 2006, p. 120) Lack of Adaptability Without elasticity and adaptableness, Mr. James responded negatively to the core issue that was troubling his employee Susan. This revealed emotional strain to Susan since she had to shift priorities; expressed frustration with change; had difficulties adapting Mr. James responses and tactics to fit the emerging circumstance; and ultimately she was hesitant in taking on new challenges. (Max, 2004, p. 126) Lack of self-management Without good self management, Mr. James reacted precipitately when he predicted that there was bound to be conflict at work. This made him respond to problems in a non-constructive manner that resulted to unwanted consequences such as laxity amongst the employees (Susan). (Harris, 2001, p. 118) Conclusion In a civilized workplace, individuals who work well ought to be rewarded through decent pay, endorsement and new opportunities, the possibility to build up new skills, admiration from coworker and management, and the individual gratification and satisfaction that comes from doing a job well. Culture determines the type of management, communication, and cluster dynamics within the association. The employees usually recognize this as the excellence of work life which directs their measure of motivation. The concluding outcome is generally performance, human being satisfaction, individual growth and expansion. All these rudiments unite to build the model or structure that the association operates from. However, all these elements are not revealed in our case since Mr. James chose not to allow room for discussion. He lacked communication skills and empathy and as a result, there was poor turnover in Susan’s output. Generally, in an organization, employers should be open with their employees and allow a forum for discussion and participation. For instance in this case, Mr. James would have allowed Susan to present her queries and later on try to explain to her why the workers in New York had to receive a better pay than workers in Seattle. Moreover, there should be restructuring of some of the rules in Western Satellite Office and promote job enrichment. This will facilitate enlargement of the individuals within the association, better worker performance for the association, there will be maximum use of human resources for the general public at large (both in New York and Seattle), enlargement of the individual, and self-actualization of the individual.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Income Tax and Corporation Tax Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words
Income Tax and Corporation Tax - Essay Example Under the finance act 2010/2011, there are three types of rate bands, basic rate, higher rate and additional rate. Every type of income has its own tax rate. These are illustrated in the table below: Basic High Additional Rate Band (?1-?37,400) (?37,401-?150,000) (?150,001 and over) Non-Saving Income 20% 40% 50% Saving Income 20% 40% 50% Dividends Income 10% 32.5% 42.5% If a savings income fall into the basic rate band, then the rate, till the amount of ?2,240 is 10%. Above that the rate of 20% is implied. Any income over and above the individual’s allowance is taxable. There are different kinds of allowances for example personal allowance, old age allowance, married couple allowance, maintenance payment relief, or blind person’s allowance. Personal allowance depends upon the age and income limits, Allowances for the year 2010/2011 are shown below: Age ? Personal Allowance Standard 6,475 Personal Allowance 65 to 74 9,490 Personal Allowance 75 and above 9,640 Income Limi t for age-related Allowances 22,900 Income Limit for standard personal allowance 100,000 The blind person’s allowance is 1,890 pounds for the year 2010/2011, there are no age or income limits, and this allowance is in addition to the personal allowance of the entitled individual. Other allowances like married couple’s allowance or maintenance payment relief are entitled to a couple where both the partners are born before 6 April 1935, or either of the partners or formal partners is born before 6 April 1935, respectively. Married couple’s allowance is ?6,965 for the year 2010/11. Tax Period: The relevant tax period for the year 2010/2011 is from 6 April 2010 to 5 April 2011. All the taxes are computed for this period. Corporation Tax: Scope:... The paper tells that income tax is charged on the income of all UK residents. Income tax is basically charged to all the individuals. That will include employed, self-employed or un-employed individuals. For employed individuals, the basic source of income will be their salaries along with other sorts where as the self employed individuals will be charged on their trading income. Un-employed individuals may have their income coming from savings or investments. There is no maximum age limit for any individual to be exempt from income tax. Corporation tax is payable by limited companies or some other unincorporated businesses, which are UK resident. Such UK resident companies pay tax on their comprehensive income. A company is called a UK resident; if it’s incorporated in UK or even if it isn’t incorporated in UK then it is centrally managed and controlled in UK. In determining where the company’s central administration is positioned, the HM Revenue and Customs wil l focus on the highest level of the company. Especially where the board is located and where all the meetings of the board are carried out. If a company is a non-resident then it is not liable for corporation tax. But if it carries out its trade through a permanent institution like a branch or agency which is a UK resident, then in that case the profits from that institution are liable for tax. From the paper we will see that though rates related to income tax are constantly being increased and the allowances being decreased, no such progressive changes are seen in the corporation tax strategy.
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Wall In and The Lives of Others Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Wall In and The Lives of Others - Movie Review Example This paper illustrates that the Berlin wall lasted for 28 years (that is, from August of 1961 to November 1989). Its first erection was done during the hours of the night and it was seen to curb the fleeing of Germans from the East to the West. It was later to be demolished in an instantaneous way which triggered a great deal of celebration across the globe. When the WWII came to a conclusion, the then divided Allied powers took over Germany and divided it into quarters. The four zones were either occupied by Great Britain, the US, France or the Soviet Union. This had been after the agreement that was reached in the conference of Postman. This same approach was done in the capital city of Germany, Berlin. The relationship of the three powers forming part of the Allies in the WWII against the Soviet Union went on to deteriorate, the atmosphere of cooperation in Germany turned into a race and it also became more aggressive. In spite of the original intention to unify Germany had been s et the turn of events of competition brought about the split between the East and the West- Communism versus Democracy. The three of the four zones occupied by France, Great Britain, and the US on one side formed West Germany. The other zone remaining and which had been taken over by the Soviet Union was East Germany. This same division was also witnessed in Berlin. The fall of this Berlin wall, which was rather quick happened due to the weakening of the Communist bloc and the eventual disagreement of the citizens from the Eastern side of Germany.
Monday, October 7, 2019
Draft Essay Shiloh outline, body & Introduction of paragraph
Draft Shiloh outline, body & Introduction of paragraph - Essay Example To Leroy, he acknowledged that â€Å"the real inner workings of a marriage, like most of history, have escaped him†(Mason 1). To Norma Jean, the visit to this historical place made her realize that there are still a lot of things that she does not appreciate with Leroy’s staying at home. The brief and unexpected blurting of Norma Jean’s intention to leave Leroy made him realize that there are so many things he still does not know about Norma Jean. Historical places stir nostalgia where past events could haunt visitors like disturbed ghosts. In the short story written by Bobbie Ann Mason entitled â€Å"Shiloh†, the author narrated the events that transpired between the main characters, Leroy Moffitt and Norma Jean. When Leroy, a truck driver, met an accident which made him incapacitated to resume his work, Norma Jean was reported to have changed in ways that was observed to be totally new to Leroy. Norma Jean’s mother, Mabel Beasley, who intermittently visits them in their house, had been pleading for them to go to Shiloh, Tennessee to visit the Civil War battleground (Mason). The visit to Shiloh provided the impetus for revelations and realizations in both Leroy and Norma Jean’s life through experiencing nostalgic moments, supposedly instigated by Norma Jean’s mother; and the need to look more closely into their lives as a married
Sunday, October 6, 2019
Andrew Johnsons Impeachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Andrew Johnsons Impeachment - Essay Example His war against the Negro doesn't end there. In an act of pure bigotry, he has allowed a Southern radical group, named the Ku Klux Klan, to rape, beat, and lynch Negro men and women. Also, he has vetoed every single bill regarding civil rights for these disadvantaged people, whose only crime is he wear dark skin. For the white rebels, they are treated like kings! The President has pardoned many of the top Confederate officers and generals, allow former Confederate soldiers to vote without fully pledging allegiance to the Union, and other senseless acts. Now to top it off, the President blatantly and willfully broke the Tenure of Office Law, which requires all the President's cabinet members to be approved by a majority vote of Congress before they serve. My fellow Congressman, this is the straw that breaks the camel's back! I urge you to stand with me to impeach President Johnson, before he hand over the keys to the Union to those unremorseful, troublemaking rebels!
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Explore how Bob Dylan portrays transient figures in Like a Rolling Research Paper
Explore how Bob Dylan portrays transient figures in Like a Rolling Stone, and discuss how these portrayals contribute to t - Research Paper Example Bob Dylan was growing up personally and evolving his music in the context of the early Beat movement at this time. However, what was an underground movement in the early 60’s rapidly became mainstream with the Beatles and other rock groups gaining mass popularity in 1965. This transition can be seen on Bob Dylan’s album â€Å"Bringing it Back Home†(1965), which included one side of folk songs in the style he had popularized and come to be known by, and the other side featuring Dylan’s first electric guitar based rock songs. (Kemp, 2001) Thus, in the classic song â€Å"Like a Rolling Stone,†Dylan composed a morality tale in the style of an anthem addressed particularly to this division within the movement, discussing the different aspects involved with the mystical and revolutionary path of the underground when it meets the mainstream acceptance and propagation. Eastern Mysticism rooted in Buddhism, Taoism, Hinduism, Yoga, and Sufism was highly inf luential on the Beat Poets of the 1950’s and forms the metaphysical basis for many of their works of literature. Bob Dylan can be considered highly influenced by the Beats, and also widely read in their literature at the time. This influence can be seen in the counter-culture lifestyle promoted by Dylan in his music. As Dylan biographer Sean Wilentz wrote in a New Yorker article on the Beats titled â€Å"Penetrating Aether: The Beat Generation and Allen Ginsberg’s America,†â€Å"Dylan knew the poems, Ginsberg later claimed. ‘Someone handed me Mexico City Blues in St. Paul in 1959,’ Dylan told him. ‘It blew my mind.’ It was the first poetry he’d read that spoke his own American language, Dylan saidâ€â€or so Ginsberg said he said. Maybe, maybe not. Without question, though, Dylan read Mexico City Blues and was deeply interested in Beat writing before he left Minneapolis for New York. (Like other Beats and hipsters, his friend Tony Glover ordered a paperback copy of William Burroughs’s Naked Lunch from France, where it had been published by Olympia Press in Paris in 1959 as The Naked Lunch uncertain whether the book, deemed obscene by American authorities, would clear customs. The book indeed arrived, and Glover lent it to Dylan, who returned it after a couple of weeks.) And Dylan’s involvement with the writings of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Burroughs, and the rest of the Beat generation is nearly as essential to Dylan’s biography as his immersion in rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and then Woody Guthrie. ‘I came out of the wilderness and just naturally fell in with the Beat scene, the bohemian, Be Bop crowd, it was all pretty much connected,’ Dylan said in 1985. ‘It was Jack Kerouac, Ginsberg, Corso, Ferlinghetti †¦ I got in at the tail end of that and it was magic †¦ it had just as big an impact on me as Elvis Presley.’†(Wilentz, 2010) Ro lling Stone magazine states that Bob Dylan was the first musician of the modern era to have his lyrics considered by critics and the public to be works of literature. (Kemp, 2001) In this regard, Bob Dylan can be considered a Beat Poet, and his music concerts were played in venues with audiences made up of
Friday, October 4, 2019
Theories of Communication Essay Example for Free
Theories of Communication Essay Argyles theory of communication is that to learn communication skills and social skills there is a certain cycle that needs to be used this therefore involves translating or decoding what others have communicated. Argyle believes that this gives the individual an opportunity to adapt on their person behaviour so that at the end of the process they are able to communicate effectively. The cycle has different stages 1. The cycle will start when an idea is thought of so that the message can then be coded and sent. This stage involves the individual thinking in their head what they are going to be saying and they then need to ensure they get the message to the other individual clearly so that they can understand what the message is about. 2. The next step is therefore when the other person receives the message and it can be decoded. This stage means that they will be processing the message in the head thinking about the message and understanding it so that they are then able to go onto the third stage 3. This stage is the part where the individual responds to the message they have received and decoded, they then respond and the whole cycle will be repeated. Example In My Placement: In my placement at Linden Lea nursery they have corner that the children are able to go and read in and pick a book each week, there are pillows down in the area so that there is a relaxed atmosphere and I can go and sit with an individual child and read a book with them. When reading with the younger children I am able to ask questions about the book for example ‘who is your favourite person in the book? or ‘what part of the book do you think is the best bit? ’ this therefore helps me to be able to see if the child is understanding the story or what parts they are understanding however they won’t feel pressured as they will be relaxed questions and it will be a relaxed conversation. Tuckman’s Theory Tuckman’s theory of communication was described as a group interact ion, as he believes that people work better together and interact better when they are working within a group. Tuckman’s theory of the group coming together and performing involves four key stages. Forming- This is when the group have come together and they are getting to know each other beginning to think of ideas and ask each other questions. An example of forming in my placement will be when the children at the nursery sit in groups with a teacher or a team leader and the groups can be based around their ability or specific needs. Storming- Storming is the second stage and this is when conflict can often flare up because the roles begin to be put in place for those in the group and a leader may begin to take control causing some arguments as the group is functioning. For the storming stage an example in my placement could be when the children have formed their groups and begin to play games it can mean that conflict will begin as some individuals may want to play the same role in the group as there will always be a leader to group this therefore means you often get many personality clashes. Norming- Norming is when the group properly comes together and start to develop strong sets of shared values and the group will start to work as one group together. For this stage in my placement you will begin to see the children coming together and working together in their friendship groups, this may involve them playing various games and taking part in various activities for them to come together and begin to understand eachother. Performing- After the stage of norming they then have a full understanding of the groups expectations and understand each individual’s values they then therefore are able to start working together to perform as an effective group. The relationships have become stronger within the and they are able to support each other. In my nursery placement I see this stage being shown when I see children taking part in an art activity this means they have a chance to all show off their own skills however they can work together and help in the groups their working in for example if they were doing a big display they can come together to decide who will do what part of the display. Schultz(1958) also had a different theory of communication which can be uses in group interactions. This was a different theory to Tuckman’s theory and instead of four stage is has three key stages. The first step is inclusion; this is the stage that the individuals spend time building relationships between the members in a group so they can choose which group they wish to belong to. The second step is control this stage is the part in which you see who has the power in the group, little groups are made and people will compete to be part of certain groups or in a role. The last stage is affection this is the stage in which it calms down as each member in the group will have their role and they are able to form effective group work. Example In My Placement: At the nursery I am working in the children are always playing and they are able to communicate with each other. I sit with the children and join in the games and they play together as a group. They were dressing up and they play with the dolls ‘mummy’s and daddy’s’ this therefore means they communicate together working out who will be who and then played together sharing all the toys. They are therefore working together to decide if they want to play in that group or choose to play something else. This type of interaction helps the children to communicate with all children and as games develop they begin to become more comfortable.
Thursday, October 3, 2019
Why Is Organizational Design Important Management Essay
Why Is Organizational Design Important Management Essay Organizational design is selecting and managing the culture, structure, processes and positions in organization so that organization can control the activities. The final aim is to achieve goals and objectives and to make organization successful (Sargent and McConnell, 2008). The design works best if it is effective and it has a positive impact on individuals (Nadler and Tushman, 1998). The organizational design is important because it shapes the behavior of members working in organization (Jones, 2010, p31) and managers acquired desired behaviors through managing organizational design. The two components of design are; Structural components include goal, strategy, and structure and Human components include work processes, people, communication, coordination and control, and incentive mechanism (Burton, DeSanctis and Obel, 2006). But it is not only about formal structure it also includes informal structures and managers integrate both into business strategy. The Ford Company makes a record loss of $13.3 billion in 2006, the tall hierarchy and culture based on empire building was found to be the reason of low productivity. The behavior of managers in Ford because of empire building structure is that they do not admit mistakes and protect their interests; the managers do not like their subordinates to ask questions. The new CEO from outside the company looks at the problem and ordered managers to share information across different departments (Jones, 2010, p36). Organizational design is a continuous processes because globalization, technological breakthrough and tough competition is continuously changing the way organization work and new forms of organizational designs are emerging such as learning, virtual, cellular, alliance, network, modular or spaghetti etc. (Burton, DeSanctis and Obel, 2006). Organizations have limited resources, have internal constraints, external pressures and even face conflicting goal situations and organizational design makes the balance between internal and external pressures (Jones, 2010), manage the resources in such a manner that it will achieve high performance and give best possible outcomes (Daft, Murphy and Willmott 2010, p22). It also increases productivity, allows innovation and gives competitive advantage. When organizations are not performing, managers redesign and restructure the organization so that it will reveal its potential. There is no specific best design for organizations it emanates from overall vision of organization. What will happen if there is no design in company? A Brazilian company Semco has no organizational design, structure, charts, hierarchy, goals and mission statement but still performing well and making profits (Semler, 2007). But Semco has only 150-200 employees, when organizations grow and expands, employ large n umber of people then gradually it becomes more complex. If a manager puts less attention, a flawed design will emerge and it hinders productivity. The factors managers should take into account while designing the organization are vision, strategy, size, environment, communication, control and incentive systems. Finally have a fact in mind that organizational behavior is result of organizational design. REFERENCES Burton, R. M., DeSanctis, G. and Obel, B. (2006) Organizational Design A Step-by-Step Approach. Cambridge University Press, New York. Daft, R. L., Murphy, J. and Willmott, H. (2010) Organization Theory and Design. Andover: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Jones, G. (2010) Organizational Theory, Design and Change. 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Nadler, D. A. and Tushman, M. L. (1998), Competing by design, Executive Excellence, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 12-12. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/204590420 (Accessed 22 November 2012) Semler, R. (2007), Out of this world: Doing things the Semco way, Global Businesses and Organizational Excellence, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 13-21. [Online] DOI: 10.1002/joe.20161 (Accessed 30 November 2012) Sargent, A. and McConnell, T. (2008), Practical approaches to organization design, CMA Management, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 22-25. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/197815281 (Accessed 22 November 2012) In what ways is the managerial role changing in the 21st Century? The economic fluctuations, change in technology, increasing socializations and demands for employees codetermination is continuously posing challenges to managers (Agthe, 1972) and in past two decades managerial roles had been gone through a notable transformation (Pearson and Chatterjee, 2003). The modern management has seen the shift from dictatorial style to team based approach. Top managers do not only stay in corporate offices but they handle employees from ground levels like Costcos top managers works and administer employees from retail floor (Buffington, 2009). Managers now empower, motivate, educate and coach their subordinates and manage resources strategically. If subordinates do not satisfy with the role of their managers then there is a high employee turnover in organization. The number one reason for which employee leaves job in USA is because of dissatisfaction with their managers and immediate bosses, found in Gallup survey of over 1 million employees (AgriMarketing, 2009). Managers guide and control their subordinates but on the same time take orders from top management; they transfer the vision of top management to employee and communicate goals and objectives. Adam Smith argued managers play unimportant role in organizational performance (Horowitz, 1994) and they just adds hierarchical levels, raise cost and put burdens on organization. But as we have seen in past, managers make organizations economically and technically effective, they manage inputs and processes to maximize the output (Bern et al, 2009). They deals with human, physical and financial resources, makes work done by others and make the job of others easy, practical and possible through demonstrating their competencies in terms of knowledge, skills and abilities. The traditional approach states that managers in organizations perform four general roles planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Mintzberg (1980) had suggested ten managerial roles and are categorized in three d imensions; the first is interpersonal which includes liaison, leader and figurehead. Second is decisional which includes disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator and entrepreneur. The last dimension is informational which includes monitor, spokesperson and disseminator. In addition Douglas McGregor mentioned two styles of managers. Theory X in which managers push employees to do work, think employees are lazy, show dictatorial role and perform hard management practices. Whereas managers in Theory Y feels employees enjoy their work, wish to grow and that is why managers select soft management practices (Holloman, 1974; Weisbord, 2011). It is not necessary that traditional management roles only improve productivity. In 1914 Ford doubled wage rates from $2.5 to $5 and shortened work hours from nine to eight hours, the result was high productivity and cost went down. It was an out of box phenomenon practiced by managers in Ford. In 21st Century, the managers are seen as ca talyst; have a strong impact on profitability and policies, they are more adaptable, proactive, innovative, mobile and committed (Eric, 1998) for minimizing the threats and grabbing the opportunities. Managers also start giving attention on cultural diversity issues, work life balance, equality, strong laws and regulations affecting organizations which has been given less attention in past. REFERENCES Agthe, K. (1972) The changing role of Europes managers, Business Horizons, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 89-94. [Online] Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0007681372900675 (Accessed 1 December 2012) Bern, D., Leeds, M., Leeds, E., and Mondello, M. (2009), The Role of Managers in Team Performance, International Journal Of Sport Finance, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 75-93. [Online] Available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=db8b93aa-e99d-4788-ad67-bbe34d70cf93%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=s3hAN=40508510 (Accessed 1 December 2012) Buffington, J. (2009), Rethinking Management for the 21st Century, Industry Week, vol. 258, no. 9, pp. 54. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/219760478 (Accessed 2 December 2012) Eric, R. G. (1998) The compleat manager, 21st century style. Management Review, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 9-9. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/206689809 (Accessed 2 December 2012) Holloman, C. R. (1974) What McGregor Really Said, Business Horizons, vol. 17, no.6, pp. 87-92. [Online] DOI: 10.1016/S0007-6813(74)80014-5 (Accessed 2 December 2012) Horowitz, I. (1994) On the manager as principal clerk, Managerial and Decision Economics, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 413-413. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/206626208 (Accessed 2 December 2012) Mintzberg, H. (1980) The nature of managerial work. Englewood Cliffs; London: Prentice-Hall. Pearson, C. A. L. and Chatterjee, S. R. (2003) Managerial work roles in Asia: An empirical study of Mintzbergs role formulation in four Asian countries, Journal of Management Development, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 694-707. [Online] DOI: 10.1108/02621710310487864 (Accessed 2 December 2012) Weisbord, M. (2011),Taylor, McGregor and me, Journal of Management History, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 165-177. [Online] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17511341111112578 (Accessed 2 December 2012) (2009), A Managers Role, AgriMarketing, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 18-18. [Online] Available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/214008047 (Accessed 1 December 2012) In your view, does team working enhance or detract from enhanced organizational performance? Illustrate your key arguments with organizationally based examples. According to Oxford Dictionary Teamwork is the combined action of a group, especially when effective and efficient. Whereas Team is collection of more than one individual strive to achieve goals, they had a coordination of activities and had a specific performance objectives (Conti and Kleiner, 1997). People rarely work in isolation; they work as teams in organizations. In USA nearly 80% of organizations (having more than 100 employees) organized some employees to work in teams (Bishop and Mahajan, 2005; Plessis, 2011). Organizational performance depends on what are the objectives of organization and can be seen as productivity, higher outputs, financial and operational results (Delarue et al, 2008). Team works for achieving their objective and on the same time it contributes in organizational performance (Bishop and Mahajan, 2005). Managers increasingly organize work around teams because it gives synergy; give greater level of performance as compare to the individual input (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, p276). Boeing gathered members of design team from dozen countries for its 777 project and synergy is clearly observed in outcomes of teams. The new Boeing is 33% fuel efficient and 25% less costly (Benson-Armor and Hsieh, 1997). It is also important to mention social loafing; the sum of team efforts can be less than the sum of individual efforts, individual puts less efforts when team expands. Teamwork also raises the level of trust because employees depend on each other for completing tasks and projects. According to SHRM (Strategic Human Resource Management) theories, a well-planned HR system which usually includes teamwork will raise employee satisfaction, motivation and commitment which results in positive behavioral changes and leads to enhanced organizational performance (Delarue et al, 2008). On the other ha nd, team often leads to negative results such as conflicts, poor decisions and low productivity (Campion et al, 1993), which harms organizational performance. Buchanan and Huczynski (2007, p284) mentioned overall success of a company is depending on performance of teams working in it. Effective team leads to enhanced organizational performance. According to Guzzo and Dickson (1996), the effectiveness of team depends on goals, team cohesiveness, composition, leadership and motivation. It is important to keep the team on track, the reason for their existence. Teams exist to achieve goals objectives, they exist to perform tasks and it is the major reason for creating teams (Ilgen, 1999). The second performance-dependent factor is team cohesion, the more cohesive team leads to higher performance and teams with cohesion are efficient and effective. Smith et al (1994) found the positive correlation between team cohesion and financial success when he studies the cohesiveness in top management teams. The team composition means the characteristics and nature of team members. Campion et al (1993) mentioned composition is process of designing the te am in terms of the size, heterogeneity, flexibility, tasks and roles of members. Effective teams are of relative size, highly flexible, heterogenic in term of skill and experience especially when tasks are diverse and need different expertise (Hillmann, 2005). He showed through empirical study that composition of team leads to effectiveness. Leaders can also affect the performance of team, sometimes the higher expectations of leaders regarding team performance raise the actual performance of team and leaders often intervene in team processes only to boost the individual performance of members (Guzzo and Dickson, 1996). On the other hand unrealistic expectations may makes members of teams frustrated and often put them in stress. The last factor is motivation; it can be individual or group level motivation. Teamwork raise work morale and the level of involvement of members, whereas incentives and rewards for team performance can raise group level motivation. The 385 employee company S helby Die Casting, automobile manufacturing in Mississippi is 16 months away from closure, for saving the company employees had been organized into workplace teams. The result of teamwork is clearly observed, scrap reached to 12% (which was 40% two years ago) and performance is up, this teamwork saves the company from closure (Caudron, 1994). Another example is of Wellman International, a 450 employee company manufactures synthetic fiber. They improved quality and solve problems by implementing effective teamwork (Ingram, 1996). Guzzo and Dickson (1996) had also challenged the assumption that improvement in team performance simply leads to organizational performance is not always true. Sometimes teams are working well but results are not seen in larger organizational context. If the company invests in IT infrastructure, it may increase team performances but it does not imply that it will have an effect on organizational performance. Team-Organization relation is very vital, the positive changes in team results in organizational performance. On the other hand changes in organization also affects working of teams exist in it. Nurmi (1996) claimed that teams often slow down the decision making process, if members are not empowered. Teams also face conflict situations and they spent huge amount of their time and efforts in resolving conflicts. Teams spend their time in improving communication and attending team meetings which divert them from their original goals, conflict is linked with low effectiveness in org anizations (Dennis et al, 1999). Consensus and compromises are usually seen in teams for resolving conflict scenarios. Team concept is not necessarily applicable in all type of organizations. Gosen Corp organized its employees in cross functional team but after eight years employees did not find the reason for working in team when they are performing well individually and team concept is very ambiguous in company (Caudron, 1994). Caudron, S. (1994) argued bringing the individuals in a group creates barrier for achieving success. Individuals are often become an obstacle in implementing teams, they do not want to be a part of team, rather likes to perform tasks alone and shows reluctance for taking responsibility and decision making, These reluctant employees can be a reason for low performance (Berman, 1999). If the individual employees are organized in teams they look for their interest such as career and salary and they do not put more attention on team objectives. From HR perspective, hiring individuals is easy but getting those individuals perform in teams is hard. Lencioni (2006) had explained the problems in team and explained factors of team dysfunction such as lack of trust, fear of conflict, commitment issues, absence of accountability and inattention to results. These problems are affecting the performance of organization and hard to manage but still they are curable. In present era, teams have become an essential element in organization. Teamwork assists management, improves communication, encourage innovation, save time and hence enhance organizational performance (Nurmi, 1996). For making team perform and make them feel their higher potential, UK organizations invest heavily in team building exercises (Read, 2007). Organizations can work effectively only if there is strong collaboration and coordination among its team members (Mullins, 2011; Brooks, 2009). The self-assessments tool should apply in teams; each team member feels accountable for their work and evaluates their performance critically and member should give feedback to one another. Team roles should be clear among members and managers should make sure that there will no role clashes (Belbin, 2010). Another tool is Gap Analysis; the gap between current position and what should be the future position of tasks and goals then plan accordingly to lower down the gap. If teams are designed, managed and evaluate very well it will give better results and leads to higher organizational outcomes.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)